How to say 'must' in Japanese - なければならない, なくてはならない, だめだ
Anna Baffa Volpe
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Today we see together 3 Japanese verbal structures with their variants that express duties and prohibitions, and they are:
- なければならない
- なくてはならない
- だめだ
These expressions are very common to express things opportune and inopportune, what is more appropriate and socially accepted and what is best avoided.
なければならない - Duty, necessity
One of the commonly used forms that translate the verb must is なければならない or なければいけない.
- なければ is the conditional form of ない (negative plain form of ある
to be) if not there - ならない is the negative plain form of なる
to become,if it's not there, it doesn't become, which translates as must be
How なければならない is formed
The negative plain form is used: in the suffix ない the vowel い is omitted and ければならない is added.
- Verb: 行く,
to go
- Adjective in い, 寒い,
cold
- Noun: 規則,
rule
- Adjective in な: 静かな,
silent: the particle な is omitted and the adjective behaves like a noun
なければならない - Needs and obligations
This form generally expresses necessities or duties relating to actions or things both of the person speaking and also when referring to other people.
The two keywords in this context are 義務 obligation, duty, and 必要, need.
When to use ならない and when いけない
As you have noticed, we have two final verbs: ならない and いけない which we will also find in other forms. The distinction we are describe here below also applies to the other cases:
- ならない is the negative form of なる
to becomeand is used in social, community contexts, the things that are deemed appropriate or not socially
It is also used when discussing laws and regulations. ならない is more formal than いけない.
社会常識: "is common sense"
日本では家に入る時、靴を脱がなければならない。
In Japan, when you enter a Japanese house, you must remove your shoes.
- いけない is used for personal matters and is often found in ordinary and informal conversation
個人的なこと things, personal matters
明日は6時に起きなければならない。
Tomorrow I have to wake up at 6.
いけない is also used individually to express judgment, condemnation of someone or something, displeasure or even dislike. Different nuances depending on the situation.
いけない、寝坊しちゃった。
It's not good, I overslept.
病気だって。それはいけない。
It seems he's sick, I'm so sorry.
Abbreviations and colloquial variants
The form in informal contexts is found in a number of ways:
- simply なければ omitting the rest
- なきゃ instead of なければ
- なくちゃ instead of なければ
友達にお金を返さなきゃ。
I need to return the money to my friend.
しっかり勉強しなくちゃ。
I have to study a lot.
なければいけない in an informal and colloquial context: audio and explanations
0:00.00
-1:0-1.00
僕はあかりに渡すための手紙を書いた。
I wrote a letter to give Akari.
あかりに伝えなければいけないこと、聞いてほしいことが本当に僕にはたくさんあった。
I really had a lot of things I needed to tell Akari and things I wanted her to hear.
伝えなければいけないこと: the verb used is 伝える which means: convey, report, transmit or communicate なければいけない the form used in the sentence is translated as to need. The protagonist expresses the need to communicate somethings to Akari. Here we find another interesting structure that uses the て form of the verb combined with the adjective 欲しい that means desiring, wishing for. This is used to express the speaker’s desire for someone to do something (for him, her, them etc).
聞いてほしい。
I want you to listen. to me.
あなたに見てほしい写真を持っています。
I have a picture I want you to see.
なくてはならない - Prohibitions
なくてはならない and なくてはいけない express a prohibition, they are used in the context of regulations and laws.
なくてはならない and なくてはいけない can also be used to express situations of necessity, for essential things that cannot be done without.
How なくてはならない is formed
In this structure we simply find the te form of the verb combined with はならない or はいけない.
面接で聞いてはいけない質問。
Questions not to ask in an interview.
日本でやってはいけないこと。
Things prohibited in Japan.
禁止 is the word that indicates the prohibition, not allowed
- タバコの禁煙
no smoking - 立入禁止
do not enter
我々は制限速度を守らなくてはならない。
We must respect the speed limit.
Example with the adjective 勤勉な diligent, hardworking, assiduous:
君たち学生は勤勉でなくてはならない。
You students must be diligent.
君は私の言うとおりにしなくてはいけない。
You must do as I say.
Note in the two sentences the use of 君 kimi which indicates the second person you and is used between friends and by people who are in a superior social position compared to the interlocutor.
なくてはならない - Indispensable
いなければ生きていけないような存在。
A person you can't live without.
- the phrase means a person who, if he didn't exist, I couldn't live.
- this type of sentence refers to someone indispensable: 不可欠な
indispensable,essential
Other examples expressing prohibition
図書館で携帯電話を使ってはいけません。
Using cell phones is prohibited in the library.
だめ - It's not good, it's not to be done
だめだ! or simply だめ! can be heard in the everyday life between parents and young children in Japan, it is an exclamation that expresses a prohibition, a very common reproach.
It is a strong, imperative expression that we translate:
- no!
- that's no good!
- do not do it!
It is also used to express a prohibition in the form of advice in some situations.
しばらくお酒を飲んではだめです。
You must not drink alcohol for a while.
As you can see there is always the forma in te + the adjective 駄目な which singularly means useless, vain, unusable.
Differences between てはいけない and だめだ
- －てはいけない is used in general situations
- －てはだめだ instead for personal matters involving the speaker and the interlocutor
The forms of prohibition aimed at the person concerned are very strong and are generally pronounced by persons with authority: a policeman, a caretaker, a parent towards the children, a teacher towards the students, etc.
Below an example of a reproach of a parent to the child:
泣いちゃだめだよ。
Don't cry!
ては becomes ちゃ on an informal, confidential level
We learned the forms なければならない、なくてはならない with the final variants in いけない and also the use of だめだ. There are other ways to express prohibitions and prohibitions that we will learn in the next articles.
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